Uprisings and protests of people in 1928-1932 in Kazakhstan

Research Article

Abstract

This paper aims to study the history of uprisings and protests by the people of Kazakhstan that took place between 1928 and 1932. The objective of this scientific work is to identify the stages, numbers, dynamics, and forms of resistance, as well as to determine the driving forces, goals, and nature of uprisings and protests, and the number of participants. The relevance and novelty of the study are reflected in the in-depth critical analysis of documentary sources, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, in the presentation of updated statistics on uprisings and protests of people, the number of participants, as well as data on the number of repressed uprisings and protests participants. The results of the study demonstrated that the policy of the Soviet government and the state, which had been implemented in the period from 1928 to 1932, aggravated the socio-political contradictions between the government and various social strata and groups, which led to large-scale public uprisings and protests. In terms of content, they were: a) armed uprisings that led to military clashes with troops and communist detachments; b) armed migrations, accompanied by fierce military actions with OGPU forces and border troops; c) peaceful actions, expressed in opposition to the economic and political campaigns of the authorities and accompanied by demands for the abolition of grain and livestock procurement, attacks on Soyuzmyaso (Meat depot) bases, taking back socialized livestock, and the theft of grain from barns. All armed uprisings were suppressed most brutally, and their participants were subjected to criminal prosecution and large-scale repression. In the process of an in-depth study of documents and materials, data was revealed that in 1929-1931, there were not 372 unarmed uprisings, but 399 uprisings. Considering over 120 mass struggles that took place in the first half of 1932 due to food shortages, the total number of public uprisings and protests for 1928-1932 amounted to 545, including twenty-six armed actions in which more than one hundred thousand people took part. The total number of mass upheavals and folk-quakes, both armed and unarmed, included migrations, the activities of “counter-revolutionary” organizations and groups, and the actions of “gangs.” Declassification of the CDA (Classified documents archives), concentrated in the SA of the RK, access to classified materials, contained in the SSA of KNB of the RK, will provide an opportunity for a thorough study of the entire set of a significant volume of materials on the history of the "gang movement" in late 1931 - 1932. This will allow us to separate protest movements from the actions of “gangs” that had either a criminal or criminal-political overtone and to expand the chronological framework of the protest movement up to and including 1932. It is necessary to develop the problem of qualifying “bandit migrations” beyond the borders of residence or abroad, which were one of the forms of protest of Kazakh Sharua (peasantry) against the agrarian policy of the Soviet government.