ХХ ғасырдың 20-30 жылдарындағы Қазақстандағы ашаршылық салдарын салыстырмалы талдау демографиялық аспект: Ғылыми мақала

Е. Ұстағалиев; Д. Айтмағамбетов

doi:10.32523/3080-129X-2025-151-2-147-172

Authors

Ye. Ustagaliyev L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-861X
D. Aitmagambetov L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Аstana, Kazakhstan Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-3368

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32523/3080-129X-2025-151-2-147-172

Keywords:

famine, demographic crisis, comparative analysis, population censuses, statistical materials, population dynamics

Abstract

This article is devoted to the study of historical and demographic aspects of famine in Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, there were two major famines in Kazakhstan in 1921-1923 and 1931-1933. In both cases, the victims of famine number in the millions. The aim of the work is a historical and comparative analysis of the demographic consequences of two famines with a difference of ten years. The comparative analysis of hunger with the use of archival documents, census materials and statistical data, as well as the application of the method of demographic analysis of the consequences of famines, the scale of damage, and their impact on the lives of the indigenous population of the republic, are defined as research tasks. In particular, the objectives of the study included the systematization of statistical data by measurement, by period, by age, by location, by quantitative and percentage ratios, the use of a comparative method of analyzing numbers and data, drawing up a picture of the demographic situation after the two famines of the 20th century, the analysis of numerical data presented in tables and statistical schemes. A feature of the research methodology is the systematization of statistical data for both cities in various dimensions and modules. The results of the study show that the use of a comparative method to study the demographic consequences of hunger contributes to an even deeper study of this topic. However, there were a number of difficulties in writing this article. These include the fact that the population of several regions and districts is not indicated, as well as general figures in censuses conducted several years after the famine years. There are some difficulties in the data designated as human losses, such as the ratio of their share in internal and external migration, the contradiction of information provided by local authorities with official statistical authorities, the identification of unregistered cases of morbidity (death from illness or starvation), and mortality. The results of the study consist of three parts. The first and second parts consider the historical, political, and demographic aspects of the famines of 1921-1923 and 1931-1933. The third part presents a comparative analysis of the demographic losses of the two famines. According to the results obtained, it turned out that during the famine years, Kazakhs showed the highest rate of human casualties in the republic. The results obtained through qualitative analysis using statistical data served as an empirical basis for compiling a more complete demographic picture of mass famine in the 20s-30s of the 20th century in Kazakhstan.

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Author Biographies

Ye. Ustagaliyev, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan

3rd year doctoral student, Department of History of Kazakhstan
D. Aitmagambetov , L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Аstana, Kazakhstan

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor

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