Gumilyov Journal of History
type: channel
description: The Gumilyov Journal of History is an international, peer-reviewed scientific and historical journal that is open to all readers. The journal's stated mission is to become a leading creative hub that promotes research on all aspects of the history of Kazakhstan (Domestic History) and Eurasia in a broad sense, from the eastern to western margins. Main thematic areas of the journal: Archaeology, World History, National History. The journal welcomes articles that place these regions in a global context (World History). The journal was initially published until December 31, 2024, under the title “Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Series: Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies”, first published in 1995. The journal was established by Non-profit joint-stock company L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, a leading scientific and educational institution in Central Asia that has made significant contributions to advancing academic science, interdisciplinary research, and disseminating scientific knowledge. The university, named after the great Eurasian thinker Lev Nikolaevich Gumilyov, upholds the traditions of in-depth historical analysis by integrating interdisciplinary research methods, scientific support, a solid methodological foundation, and access to extensive academic resources. The mission and objectives of the journal are to unite scholars working on relevant regional thematic areas, such as archaeology, historiography, source studies, ethnography, and ethnology, providing a platform to present the best theoretical, empirical, and analytical scientific works dedicated to the history of Kazakhstan and the Eurasian continent. The journal's brand is built upon an interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral synthesis, bringing together unique thematic areas in the study of history. The Gumilyov Journal of History is intended for professional historians, researchers, educators, graduate students, and undergraduates interested in historica…
publisher: L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
language: en
publication name: Gumilyov Journal of History
issn: 3080-129X
items: The historical development of the Organization of Turkic States: stages of integration, problems, and prospects
items: Uprisings and protests of people in 1928-1932 in Kazakhstan
items: Ancient Turkic Battle Banner «Urungu»
items: The Historical and Ideological Origins of Turkish Nationalism
items: Local elections in the Kazakh SSR as an instrument of political mobilization: a regional case of the Pavlodar Irtysh region (1920–1930s)
items: On the issue of the results of the re-election of the Soviets in 1927 in the Cossack ASSR
items: Clarification of the Concepts of “Burial Rites” and “Funeral and Memorial Ritualism” in the Archaeological Context
items: The Activities of Independent Kazakhstan in the Justification and Development of the Country's Defense and Its Political and Historical Significance
items: The Chronicle of Baybars al-Manṣūrī al-Nāṣirī ‘Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Tārīkh al-Hijra(t)’ in the Studies of the Mamluk State in Egypt in the Early Bahri Period
items: Historical Connections between the Kazakhs and the Uzbek Khanates in the 18th Century, According to the Works of Central Asian Authors of the Modern Period
items: Some materials on the activities of L.F. Semenov – researcher of antiquities in Central Kazakhstan
items: Myrzagazy Espolov’s participation in the implementation of agrarian policy in the Turkestan ASSR
items: Morphological Analysis of Bronze Age Clay Vessels (Based on Materials from the East Kazakhstan Regional Museum of History and Local Lore)
items: Chronology and cultural affiliation of the early burials of the Tazhegul burial ground
items: All Union Censuses as resources for historical demographic research of urban population in 1950-1980-s
items: Transition from the Soviet Model of Museums to the Modern Kazakhstani Model: Historical and Cultural Analysis
items: Soviet migration in the context of passportization in the early 1930s.
items: Comparative analysis of the consequences of famine in Kazakhstan in the20-30 years of the 20th century: demographic aspect
items: New data on the anthropology of the Turkic population of Zhetysu
items: The Resistance of the sharuas in the Semipalatinsk region during the period of forced modernization of aul (1929-1931)
items: The Suez Canal: Geopolitical History and Military-Strategic Significance (second half of the XIXth - the first half of the XXth centuries
items: Periodical press of the Turkestan region as a source for studying the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the ХХ century
items: Key discourses of Turkish Eurasianism
items: The Phenomenon of “Tekke” in the Context of the Spiritual and Cultural Identity of Turkic-Muslim Peoples (Mid 19th – Early 20th Century)
items: The work represents Turkic civilization. (Review of Zhavansir Feyziyev. 5-volume work “Turkic World”. ‒ Almaty: Almaty-Print. 2019)
items: The Monetary Reform of 1947 through the Perspective of Chinese Diplomats from Novosibirsk
items: «Secrets of ancient jewelry: regional jewelry heritage» based on the materials of the Foundation of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan
items: Reconstructing the Biography of Noyon Ket-Buga of the Naiman Tribe
items: Protest sentiments and survival strategies of the kazakh population in the 1929-1930s: behavioral motives and forms of resistance
items: Genesis of Kazakh jewelry art: history, development, and cultural influence

The historical development of the Organization of Turkic States: stages of integration, problems, and prospects
type: item
description: In the 21st century, the global system is becoming more multipolar, while regional integration is playing a growing role in politics and economics. Countries are increasingly turning to multilateral cooperation based on shared history, culture, and geopolitical interests. In this setting, cooperation among Turkic-speaking states has become especially important and has developed actively since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, with the support of Turkey, the first summit of the heads of Turkic-speaking states took place. It marked the beginning of regular dialogue in the Turkic world and created a foundation for future cooperation. Another important step came in 2022, when the Turkic Council was transformed into the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) at the Samarkand Summit. Since then, the organization has strengthened its structure, expanded cooperation, and moved toward a more stable form of regional interaction. A notable event was the summit held on November 6, 2024, in Bishkek. During this meeting, the participating countries agreed to develop cooperation in digital technologies, finance, transport, logistics, and international communication. This article looks at how the OTS developed over time and how integration among Turkic states has changed. It also considers current challenges and possible directions for future development in the Eurasian region. Special attention is given to key strategic documents, including the “Vision of the Turkic World – 2040” and the “OTS Strategy for 2022–2026,” which outline priorities in political dialogue, economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and humanitarian ties. The research uses descriptive and comparative approaches and is based on academic studies, analytical materials, and open sources. The analysis shows that cooperation among Turkic states has passed through several stages. At first, it focused mainly on culture and education. Later, political cooperation became more structured through regular su…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Turkic world
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: Eurasian integration
  topic: keywords
subject: culture
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: digital technology
  topic: keywords
subject: green economy
  topic: keywords
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Kylychev
creator: Т. Abdirahmanov
creator: J. Omurova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. Kylychev, T. Abdyrakhmanov, J. Omurovа https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-25-04

Uprisings and protests of people in 1928-1932 in Kazakhstan
type: item
description: This paper aims to study the history of uprisings and protests by the people of Kazakhstan that took place between 1928 and 1932. The objective of this scientific work is to identify the stages, numbers, dynamics, and forms of resistance, as well as to determine the driving forces, goals, and nature of uprisings and protests, and the number of participants. The relevance and novelty of the study are reflected in the in-depth critical analysis of documentary sources, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, in the presentation of updated statistics on uprisings and protests of people, the number of participants, as well as data on the number of repressed uprisings and protests participants. The results of the study demonstrated that the policy of the Soviet government and the state, which had been implemented in the period from 1928 to 1932, aggravated the socio-political contradictions between the government and various social strata and groups, which led to large-scale public uprisings and protests. In terms of content, they were: a) armed uprisings that led to military clashes with troops and communist detachments; b) armed migrations, accompanied by fierce military actions with OGPU forces and border troops; c) peaceful actions, expressed in opposition to the economic and political campaigns of the authorities and accompanied by demands for the abolition of grain and livestock procurement, attacks on Soyuzmyaso (Meat depot) bases, taking back socialized livestock, and the theft of grain from barns. All armed uprisings were suppressed most brutally, and their participants were subjected to criminal prosecution and large-scale repression. In the process of an in-depth study of documents and materials, data was revealed that in 1929-1931, there were not 372 unarmed uprisings, but 399 uprisings. Considering over 120 mass struggles that took place in the first half of 1932 due to food shortages, the total number of public upri…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: number
  topic: keywords
subject: popular uprisings
  topic: keywords
subject: causes
  topic: keywords
subject: protests
  topic: keywords
subject: repression
  topic: keywords
subject: composition
  topic: keywords
subject: tactics
  topic: keywords
subject: nature
  topic: keywords
subject: stages
  topic: keywords
creator: Т. Allaniyazov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Т. Алланиязов (Автор) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 91
ending page: 110
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-153-4-91-110

Ancient Turkic Battle Banner «Urungu»
type: item
description: This article explores the ancient Turkic banner «urungu» («khorugv» or «gonfalon» type of banner) as a distinct form of military insignia among Turkic-Mongol peoples. On this type of military banner, the fly is attached to a horizontal crossbar, which hangs from the flagshaft. Depictions of such banners are often found on ancient Turkic monuments of art. The features of this type of military attribute in ancient Turkic culture have not yet been comprehensively examined in academic research, making this topic particularly relevant for the study of military insignia among medieval nomads. This study aims to investigate the use of this form of military banner during the ancient Turkic period. The subject of the research is the specific types and structural features of the urungu standard. Unfortunately, no physical examples of urungu banners from the ancient Turkic period have survived. Written sources on this type of military insignia among the Turks are also very limited. Therefore, the primary sources for this study are visual materials – foremost among them, artistic monuments created by the Turks and other Turkic-speaking tribes, as well as images of similar battle and religious banners from other Eastern and Western cultures. These include rock carvings, wall graffiti, images on numismatic and heraldic materials, as well as mural paintings of various kinds. Additional sources included written accounts, archaeological evidence, and material artifacts. The study also draws on previous research and publications related to petroglyphs of medieval nomads, which depict this type of banner. To determine the function, specific forms, and methods of use of this symbolic object, comparative data from analogous military insignia of other peoples were also employed. The research applies both general scientific and specialized methods from the fields of history and art history. Through comparison and correlation with similar materials and sources, the study identifies shared …
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: military attributes
  topic: keywords
subject: battle banner
  topic: keywords
subject: standard
  topic: keywords
subject: «urungu» banner
  topic: keywords
subject: system of military insignia
  topic: keywords
subject: military standard
  topic: keywords
creator: К. Akhmetzhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 K. Akhmetzhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-02-01
publication date: 2026-02-01
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-01.02.2026-1

The Historical and Ideological Origins of Turkish Nationalism
type: item
description: The paper explores the historical and ideological origins and theoretical underpinnings of Turkish nationalism in the late Ottoman period and the early republican era. The study draws on relevant sources and literature on the topic and builds on underlying theories of nationalism and identity studies. Under Ottoman rule, the multiethnic and multireligious populations of the empire were bound by their belonging to the common homeland, the Ottoman nation, and the ideology of Ottomanism, regardless of their ethnic origins. However, the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of Greek, Armenian, Serbian, and other minority nationalisms led to the decline of Ottomanism as the hegemonic ideology. This process also induced the emergence of Turkish nationalism. The genesis and promotion of Turkish nationalism and Turkishness by Ottoman intellectuals at the end of the 19th century led to the erosion of Ottomanism. The transition from the Ottoman era into the republican period was marked by the nationalization of Turkish society. The nation-building project implemented by Mustafa Kemal and his followers aimed to transform Turkish society from a traditional and Islamic society into a secular, modern, progressive, and Western one. The results of the study have shown that the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye was not a mere transition from one period to another, but the inception of crafting a new nation premised on Turkishness. The Kemalists focus more on creating a unified national identity by Turkifying Muslim ethnic groups, while maintaining separate identities for Christian and other religious minorities. The results of the study have also indicated that Kemalist nationalism has pursued a policy of displacing and marginalizing the Ottoman past and Islam. Furthermore, the study shows that alongside the dominant Kemalist nationalist discourse, Turkish society also hosts other competing and overlapping nationalist ideologies and political groups. This is particularly…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Ottomanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkishness
  topic: keywords
subject: Islam
  topic: keywords
subject: Secularism
  topic: keywords
subject: Kemalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Ottoman Empire
  topic: keywords
subject: Türkiye
  topic: keywords
subject: Westernization
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Zhumatay
creator: Ya. Sari
creator: А. Yskak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 G. Zhumatay, Y. Sari, A. Yskak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 76
ending page: 93
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-76-93

Local elections in the Kazakh SSR as an instrument of political mobilization: a regional case of the Pavlodar Irtysh region (1920–1930s)
type: item
description: This paper examines the evolution of the electoral system in the territory of Kazakhstan in the 1920s ‒ 1930s. Considering that the institution of elections under the Soviet system was formed on the basis of the specific principle of non-alternativeness (lack of choice) and was consistently entrenched both in the center and locally, attention should be paid to the conditions of its formation, the regulatory framework, and the specifics of its dissemination. The country's population was integrated into the new realities of political life when, according to the Constitution, citizens gained the right to participate in the life of the state; however, at the same time, a certain part of them was deprived of this right if their involvement with "exploitative elements" was revealed. Ideologization, proclaimed equality, and harsh repressive policies became characteristic components of the country's electoral system as well. Under these conditions, the state authorities carried out extensive organizational work to promote the new model of electoral campaigns; a large number of people were involved in agitation activities among candidates and electors, and corresponding literature was developed. At the same time, it is necessary to point out the colossal financial resources spent on organizing the entire election procedure. The aim of the research is related to the analysis of the history of preparing and conducting electoral campaigns in the Kazakh SSR in the 1920s ‒ 1930s, identifying their features, problems, and contradictions, as well as assessing the role of elections in the process of forming the Soviet political system in the region. A distinctive feature of this work is also the regional aspect of studying the stated issues. To achieve the aim and the set tasks, archival materials from the fonds of the State Archive of the Pavlodar Region (Pavlodar City Executive Committee of Workers', Peasants', and Red Army Deputies; Pavlodar Uyezd Committee of the Medical Sanitar…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: keywords
subject: Soviet period
  topic: keywords
subject: elections
  topic: keywords
subject: regional case study
  topic: keywords
subject: electoral campaigns
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Turlybekova
creator: N. Baigabylov
creator: Ye. Sailaubay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. Turlybekova, N. Baigabylov, Ye. Sailaubay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 160
ending page: 177
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-160-177

On the issue of the results of the re-election of the Soviets in 1927 in the Cossack ASSR
type: item
description: The relevance of the author’s research lies in the formation of a historiographical understanding of the emergence of the Soviet electoral system and the Soviet state power apparatus. The historiography of electoral history has accumulated substantial scholarly experience reflected in published articles, monographs, and defended dissertations across a broad academic field; this topic has also been actively developed in Kazakhstan. Despite a certain degree of critical assessment, it can be noted that the principle of popular sovereignty within the Soviet electoral system became a political platform of state democracy implemented from above. The controversial nature of the issue lies in the question of whether the electoral system formed in the RSFSR as a whole, and in the Kazakh ASSR as part of the union system, genuinely contained elements of popular self-government. The key research question and scientific novelty of the article consist in the analysis of the 1926-1927 electoral campaign based on the content of an archival document introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, identified in the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The narratives of the presented document and the authors’ research analysis reveal the multilevel relationships between state authorities and the electorate through a comparative examination of data that confirm or refute specific fragments of the document. The article examines the 1926-1927 electoral campaign in the Kazakh ASSR in the context of the tightening of Soviet electoral policy, taking into account the Instruction on Elections approved on November 4, 1926, by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The new Instruction, which replaced the 1925 document, introduced mechanisms of stricter control, including the expansion of categories of persons deprived of electoral rights (including those using hired labor), detailed procedures for compiling lists of lishentsy and for a…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Kazakh ASSR
  topic: keywords
subject: electoral campaign
  topic: keywords
subject: archival documents
  topic: keywords
subject: disenfranchised persons
  topic: keywords
subject: elections
  topic: keywords
subject: instruction
  topic: keywords
creator: М. Izguttinov
creator: Kh. Maslov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 М. Izguttinov, Kh. Maslov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 119
ending page: 137
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-119-137

Clarification of the Concepts of “Burial Rites” and “Funeral and Memorial Ritualism” in the Archaeological Context
type: item
description: This article is devoted to the theoretical understanding of the concepts of “burial rites” and “funeral and memorial ritualism” in archaeological interpretation. Based on an analysis of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, the main approaches to defining the content, structure, and interrelationship of these concepts are considered, and the terminology related to ritual practices recorded in archaeological materials is clarified. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between different levels and aspects of ritual activity, allowing for a more comprehensive reconstruction of the spiritual and material cultures of ancient societies. Burial complexes and the accompanying ritual practices are important sources of information about the social organisation, ideological attitudes, and symbolic models of the world of ancient communities. Analysis of archaeological data reveals insights into ideas about death and the afterlife, as well as demonstrating the complex interrelationships between ritual practice and the society's worldview. The study employed analytical-comparative and historiographical methods, which made it possible to systematise and compare the existing scientific approaches to the interpretation of funeral and memorial rites. This comprehensive approach enabled the tracing of the evolution of ideas about the structure and content of funeral and memorial rites, as well as the identification of their role in archaeological interpretation. The work aims to clarify the conceptual apparatus and the relationship between “burial rites” and “funeral and memorial ritualism”, as well as to identify their significance for the reconstruction of the ideological and worldview attitudes of ancient societies. The methodological basis of the study provided a systematic approach to analysing concepts and theoretical models, which allows archaeological, ethnographic, and semantic data to be combined into a single interpretative framework. Particular attentio…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: burial rite
  topic: keywords
subject: funeral and memorial ritualism
  topic: keywords
subject: memorial rite
  topic: keywords
subject: custom
  topic: keywords
subject: ritual
  topic: keywords
subject: site
  topic: keywords
subject: archaeology
  topic: keywords
subject: term
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Karazhigitova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 А. Karazhigitova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 7
ending page: 20
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-7-20

The Activities of Independent Kazakhstan in the Justification and Development of the Country's Defense and Its Political and Historical Significance
type: item
description: The article delineates the inaugural organisational measures and their ramifications in the implementation of the autonomous defence policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan since the inaugural period of its independence. It cites a plethora of data, assesses the relevance and significance of this step in developing and strengthening sovereignty, and analyzes the initial work being done. The objectives of the state program of the Republic of Kazakhstan for implementing the defense policy adopted during the first period of independence are specified, and the significance of the work to be carried out within its framework is determined. The specific measures implemented by the Republic of Kazakhstan to strengthen the country's defense forces, train military specialists, and ensure their technical condition, and the initial activities and tasks for further implementation of this work are analysed using specific examples. The text goes on to describe the Republic of Kazakhstan's entry into the Collective Security Organization (CSO), a body founded among several former USSR republics, and its activities within it. It also indicates the significance of the planned efforts and proposals for further development and increasing the effectiveness of the work of this defense organization. Finally, it analyses the activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the SCO and indicates its significance. The text goes on to outline specific proposals put forward by the state within the framework of this regional organisation for organising the country's defence on a solid basis, and to provide a historical assessment. The analysis then goes on to consider the relations and exchange of experience with the defence services of foreign countries, including the Republic of Turkey, the USA, and others, in strengthening the armed forces of the sovereign state, basing its capabilities in accordance with world requirements. Simultaneously, consideration is given to the accords established by the sover…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Independent Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: Defense policy of the state
  topic: keywords
subject: CIS countries
  topic: keywords
subject: military partnership
  topic: keywords
subject: political and historical significance
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Karassayev
creator: K. Yensenov
creator: N. Konrbay
creator: А. Balykova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 G. Karassayev, K. Yensenov, N. Konrbay, А. Balykova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 94
ending page: 118
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-94-118

The Chronicle of Baybars al-Manṣūrī al-Nāṣirī ‘Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Tārīkh al-Hijra(t)’ in the Studies of the Mamluk State in Egypt in the Early Bahri Period
type: item
description: The article deals with the place and role of the ‘Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Tārīkh al-Hijra(t)’ by Baybars al-Manṣūrī (d. in 1325) in the contemporary Mamluk studies, as well as with posssibilty of its wider implementation in Middle East studies. The author of this Chronicle was a prominent amīr and official in the early Bahri period. Despite the importance of the Chronicle in deep understanding of the early Mamluk history, the political development of the Mamluk state, and the transformation of its political institutions under the influence of the Turk legacy of the first Mamluk elite, this source was published according to academic standards relatively late, only in 1998 by Donald Richards. After that, ‘Zubda(t)...’ is commonly cited in almost all academic works devoted to the Bahri period. The article considers the history of academic research on the source, various approaches to its significance, as well as possible implementation in studies beyond the Mamluks state, particularly for studying the history of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate. The article summarizes the importance of ‘Zubda(t)...’ because of the following considerations: a) it is still insufficiently studied and brings new information into the Mamluk studies; b) Baybars al-Manṣūrī is a very rare example of a member of the highest military and political elites who composed a full historic chronicle. Moreover, he personally participated in many events which are mentioned in his work; c) During to his Turk (presumably Kipchak) origin, Baybars al-Manṣūrī was aware of traditional Turk political and social institutes and made a special emphasis on these elements, while they were unclear and of less importance for later Mamluk authors; d) The Chronicle covers a relatively long period of time (1252-1307 AD), which allows making statistic observations and calculations, as well as to trace the evolution of main political and social institutes within the early Bahri period.
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: ‘Zubda(t) al-Fikra(t) fī Tārīkh al-Hijra(t)’
  topic: keywords
subject: Baybars al-Manṣūrī
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
subject: Mamluks
  topic: keywords
subject: Bahri
  topic: keywords
subject: Richards
  topic: keywords
subject: the Golden Horde
  topic: keywords
subject: Mamluk Chronicles
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Filipau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 A. Filipau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 60
ending page: 75
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-60-75

Historical Connections between the Kazakhs and the Uzbek Khanates in the 18th Century, According to the Works of Central Asian Authors of the Modern Period
type: item
description: This article researches Arabic-script manuscript works produced by historiographers of Kokand, Khiva, Bukhara, and Tashkent. The research aims to identify valuable written sources on the historical connections between the Kazakhs and the peoples of the Central Asian region in the 18th century. The modern period of Central Asian historical literature is represented by chronicles of both official and private character. The authors of these narrative works came from diverse social classes and expressed the interests of either the central or local ruling elites. The use of diversified historical writings in the research makes it possible to develop a fuller and more objective understanding of the region’s political situation during the researched period. In official works, particular attention is devoted to the political and economic crises that engulfed the region in the first half of the 18th century as a result of turmoil and rebellions among appanage rulers, as well as Kalmyk incursions into the Dasht-i Qipchaq and Mawarannahr. The principal sources used in compiling Central Asian chronicles were archival documents from khanal chanceries, as well as accounts transmitted by participants, eyewitnesses, and contemporaries of the events described by the authors. Subsequent historiographers tried to supplement works with previously unknown facts and to offer their own assessments of the ruling elite’s activities. The factual material identified in these historical writings demonstrates that they contain original data on the history of our region. The valuable information preserved in written historical works makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relations that developed among the khanates of the Central Asian region throughout the 18th century. Reports in the chronicles concerning the Kazakhs may be divided into the following thematic groups: 1) commercial ties in Central Asia and the influence of the cities near Syr Darya on the region’s overal…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Historiography of Kokand, Bukhara, Khiva
  topic: keywords
subject: manuscripts
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh and Uzbek khanates
  topic: keywords
subject: 18th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Zh. Tulibayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zh. Tulibayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 178
ending page: 194
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-178-194

Some materials on the activities of L.F. Semenov – researcher of antiquities in Central Kazakhstan
type: item
description: In the presented study, the authors attempt to clearly demonstrate the role and significance of archaeological research in Central Kazakhstan in the 1920s, the post-revolutionary period marked by difficult economic conditions, consequences, and the beginning of reconstruction in the cultural and scientific spheres. Despite the difficult time, including a lack of material and human resources, the state took steps to preserve and study material culture. This is evidenced by the clear regulation of archaeological excavations on the basis of special permits – Open letters. Archaeological work during this period was often of a local historical nature. Local initiatives contributed to archaeological excavations, the recording of material, and its subsequent transfer to museums. Much credit is due to one of the pioneers of the museum movement and an active researcher of the region, L.F. Semenov, who was at the forefront of the opening of the local history museum in Akmolinsk. He took an active part in organising and conducting archaeological research, collecting and classifying artefacts. The study aims to identify, analyse, and evaluate L.F. Semenov's contribution to the study of archaeological sites in Central Kazakhstan, as well as to provide an overview of the surviving materials reflecting his scientific activity. To study the content of his scientific works, articles, and field diaries to identify the subject matter, methodology, and scientific significance, content analysis was used, as well as a historical-comparative method, which made it possible to compare the approaches and results of L.F. Semenov's research with the works of other archaeologists of his time. Particular attention is paid to materials found in the archives on the issue of granting the right to conduct archaeological work. It is noted that the right to conduct archaeological excavations was granted to L.F. Semenov on the basis of an Open letter issued in 1929 in accordance with the established no…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: researcher
  topic: keywords
subject: expedition
  topic: keywords
subject: Akmolinsk
  topic: keywords
subject: Open letter
  topic: keywords
subject: archaeological work
  topic: keywords
subject: burial mounds
  topic: keywords
subject: burial grounds
  topic: keywords
creator: T. Koshman
creator: M. Bedelbayeva
creator: A. Dukombaiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Т. Koshman, М. Bedelbayeva, А. Dukombaiev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 21
ending page: 37
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-21-37

Myrzagazy Espolov’s participation in the implementation of agrarian policy in the Turkestan ASSR
type: item
description: The study aims to determine the socio-political activities of Myrzagazy Espolov in Tashkent in the early 1920s based on a comprehensive analysis of archival sources, as well as to provide a scholarly interpretation of his role within the system of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture (Turknarkomzem) of the Turkestan ASSR, his administrative approaches, and the specific features of his activities in defending national interests. The objectives of the study are: to analyze the process of formation of agrarian policy in the Turkestan ASSR and the institutional foundations of the activities of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture; to identify the official status and positions held by Myrzagazy Espolov in the city of Tashkent; and to reveal the characteristics of Myrzagazy Espolov’s socio-political activity and his role as a representative of the national intelligentsia. Myrzagazy Espolov was one of the prominent representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the early twentieth century and an activist of the Alash movement who made a significant contribution to the political development of Kazakhstan. The main focus is placed on his activities in Tashkent as a member of the Turkestan Central Executive Committee (TurkTsIK) and as a responsible official of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture. The study examines Espolov’s participation in the development and discussion of key decisions on the land question, including his practical work in the field of land management and the organization of land-survey expeditions. The relevance of this study is due to the need for an in-depth analysis of the role of the national intelligentsia in the implementation of land policy in the Turkestan ASSR. An examination of Myrzagazy Espolov’s activities within the system of the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture and the Turkestan Central Executive Committee makes it possible to identify the specific features of interaction between central directives and regional practice, as …
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Espolov
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkestan ASSR
  topic: keywords
subject: TurTsIK
  topic: keywords
subject: Turknarkomzem
  topic: keywords
subject: agrarian policy
  topic: keywords
subject: the land and water reform
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Tastekova
creator: D. Panto
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 G. Tastekova, D. Panto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 138
ending page: 159
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-138-159

Morphological Analysis of Bronze Age Clay Vessels (Based on Materials from the East Kazakhstan Regional Museum of History and Local Lore)
type: item
description: This paper presents a comprehensive morphological analysis of a representative collection of Bronze Age ceramics housed in the funds of the Regional Museum of Local History (Ust-Kamenogorsk). The research is based on vessels recovered during archaeological excavations of landmark sites in the region: the Marinka, Barashki, Berezovsky, and Zevakinsky burial grounds. These objects are localized within key geographical zones of East Kazakhstan, making their analysis highly representative for understanding the ethnocultural processes that occurred across the entire territory of the region. It is important to note that the study aims to reconstruct regional pottery traditions through the analysis of vessel forms, ornamental stylistics, and comparative studies of ceramic assemblages to establish genetic links or cultural distinctions. Within the framework of this approach, morphological analysis based on the formation of functional parts revealed a significant structural diversity, ranging from simple 3-part to complex 6-part designs. The study of functional part formation identified distinct chronological dynamics, demonstrating the selectivity of technological innovations. A progressive development of body shape is observed in pot-type vessels, whereas jar-shaped forms exhibited simultaneous regression. This suggests shifting functional requirements driven by the socio-economic transformation of Bronze Age society. A complex synthesis is recorded in the ornamental tradition: the preservation of a stable local foundation, serving as a marker of collective identity, alongside the active absorption of external cultural impulses. Although the core of the collection aligns with the Nura cultural circle, the discovery of «imitation vessels» with Alakul and Tagar parallels serves as direct evidence of extensive intercultural contacts and migration processes within the framework of the Andronovo cultural and historical community. This is further supported by foreign cultural de…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: East Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: Bronze Age
  topic: keywords
subject: ceramics
  topic: keywords
subject: Andronovo cultural and historical community
  topic: keywords
subject: Nura culture
  topic: keywords
subject: morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: form
  topic: keywords
creator: D. Shaimukhanova
creator: R. Zhumataev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 D. Shaimukhanova, R. Zhumatayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 38
ending page: 59
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-38-59

Chronology and cultural affiliation of the early burials of the Tazhegul burial ground
type: item
description: This paper introduces materials obtained during scientific research at the Tazhegul archaeological complex. The complex is located near the village of Abylaykhan in the Burabay district of the Akmola region. A topographic description of the valley is provided, which contains numerous sites from various periods – from the Early and Late Bronze Ages to the modern period. This paper aims to highlight the research findings on monuments dating back to the initial stage of the complex's formation. The methods and materials section describes the process and results of the study of two objects: stone enclosure No. 1 and a small extension to enclosure No. 2. The first site is located in the lower, northern part of the valley, while the second was discovered in the upper southern part, in the stratigraphic layer beneath the Kazakh Kystau. Radiocarbon dating of the sites yielded dates ranging from the 4th to the 3rd millennia BC. The literature review and discussion section provides a comparative typological analysis of similar sites studied in other regions of Kazakhstan. This allowed the authors to hypothesize about the unified processes of cultural genesis that occurred across much of Kazakhstan during the Early Bronze Age. The article focuses on Early Bronze Age sites in the Burabay mountain forest massif of Northern Kazakhstan, the materials from which are important for addressing certain issues concerning the origins of archaeological cultures of this period. New materials, the first ever discovered in the study area, reveal evidence of burial structures and a burial rite similar to the Yamnaya culture. The authors document and analyze cultural layers of different periods within the complex. Monuments with characteristics of the Yamnaya culture are overlain by a cultural layer of the Nura-Fyodorovo archaeological culture. This paper presents information on reliably identified sites of the Nura-Fyodorovo archaeological culture located near the Tazhygul complex. The discus…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: Northern Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
subject: Burabay mountain forest massif
  topic: keywords
subject: landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: archaeological micro district
  topic: keywords
subject: Bronze Age
  topic: keywords
subject: burial ground
  topic: keywords
creator: K. Auezov
creator: S. Yarygin
creator: S. Sakenov
creator: G. Kulmaganbetova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 K. Auezov, S. Yarygin, S. Sakenov, G. Kulmagambetova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 27
ending page: 44
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-153-4-27-44

All Union Censuses as resources for historical demographic research of urban population in 1950-1980-s
type: item
description: The results of All-Union censuses’ analysis as sources of historical and demographic research are represented in the paper. The Censuses characterize different groups of the population at a particular time. They form a large set of statistical materials distributed in various thematic tables. The sources of the paper are systematized into census tables submitted to the state archives, as well as statistical collections where the results of the censuses are presented in a concise form. The aim of the paper is to describe those census materials that are valuable for the research of demographic characteristics of the urban population. Internal criticism of sources and the method of comparative analysis are research methods. As a result, it is revealed that All-Union censuses with certain shortcomings included are generally an accurate statistical resource. However, the situation might be different for the population of individual republics and regions. The country's leadership insisted on hiding the information about the size and territorial location of certain categories of the population. The special census procedure was applied to military personnel, employees of local KGB bodies and employees of individual industrial enterprises, etc. Closed cities which population was also distributed across different regions of the country were not included into the census systematized tables. The author’s method for calculating the approximate size of population attributions, which requires Soviet-era statistics, and recalculations based on the results of the 2002 All-Russian Census is applied. Currently, most of the census materials can be easily found in central and regional archives and libraries. Certain difficulties occur while searching for some rarely found information that is obvious due to the fact that they have not yet been transferred to archives from departmental repositories. Thus, as a result of the analysis of statistical collections and tables, the census data r…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: historical demography
  topic: keywords
subject: sources
  topic: keywords
subject: All-Union population censuses
  topic: keywords
subject: accessibility of censuses
  topic: keywords
subject: Soviet Union
  topic: keywords
subject: statistics
  topic: keywords
creator: O. Dashinamzhilov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 O. Dashinamzhilov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 46
ending page: 59
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-152-3-46-59

Transition from the Soviet Model of Museums to the Modern Kazakhstani Model: Historical and Cultural Analysis
type: item
description: The article is devoted to the historical and cultural analysis of the transformation of the museum sector of Kazakhstan in the post-Soviet period. The research aims to identify the key stages of the transition from the Soviet model of museums, focused on ideological representation and centralized management, to the modern Kazakh museum as an institution of cultural memory, identity and public history. For the first time, the institutional, substantive, and conceptual changes that have occurred since 1991 have been analyzed within the framework of a unified approach, as well as the factors that influenced the formation of a new museum paradigm in the context of independence. The article describes the Soviet museums, which were a strictly centralized system subordinate to government agencies and used as an instrument of ideological control. Their main function was to broadcast the official historical version corresponding to the party line. Historical events were presented through the prism of class struggle, socialist construction, and the cult of heroism, especially in relation to the revolution, the Civil War, and the Great Patriotic War. One of the central places in the study is occupied by the question of the representation of historical memory: how attitudes towards such topics as the Famine of 1932-1933, Stalin's repressions, the Alash movement, and the deportation of ethnic minorities have changed. These events were previously marginalized or hushed up, but today they are becoming part of the museum narrative, reinterpreted through the prism of national identity and cultural sovereignty. The study reveals that today museums are increasingly viewed as not only repositories of artifacts, but also as spaces of reflection and dialogue with the past. In addition, they perform educational, communicative and memorial functions, providing a connecting thread between generations. Their activities contribute to the formation of a stable historical culture based on a cri…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: museums
  topic: keywords
subject: memoriality
  topic: keywords
subject: acculturation
  topic: keywords
subject: identity
  topic: keywords
subject: reform
  topic: keywords
subject: ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: representation
  topic: keywords
subject: sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: exhibitions
  topic: keywords
subject: digitalization
  topic: keywords
subject: reflection
  topic: keywords
creator: Ye. Ibrayev
creator: G. Nurusheva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ye. Ibrayev, G. Nurusheva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2026-02-01
publication date: 2026-02-01
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2026-154-1-01.02.2026-2

Soviet migration in the context of passportization in the early 1930s.
type: item
description: The purpose of the article is to study the traditional phenomenon of seasonal migration from the Russian villages, namely the temporary departure of rural residents from their permanent homes for work. In the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s, it underwent transformation aimed at establishing state control over labor migration, particularly from the village, and organizing the supply of workers to industry. The study shows that throughout the 1920s, the Soviet government attempted to limit the spontaneous movement of the rural population, seeing it as a reason for rising unemployment and worsening socio-economic conditions in cities. To combat unregulated movements within the country and to evenly provide the industry with labor, the state implemented a system of economic recruitment. However, by the late 1920s to 1930s, unemployment was replaced by a “staff shortage”, and the demand for labor first exceeded supply. This shift required the authorities to introduce new measures to ensure the growing industry had enough workforce. Therefore, before the beginning of the passportization campaign, two channels for hiring workforce from the village remained economic recruitment and seasonal migration, but for peasants who signed contracts with economic authorities, agricultural benefits were introduced to attract them to participate in the seasonal migration. Concurrently, due to the policy pursued by the Bolsheviks in the villages and the onset of famine, the problem of mass outflow of population from villages worsened. This led to disruptions in commodity supply, intensifying the housing crisis, and leading to an increase in criminal activity in cities. Administrative documentation often classified such migrants were also referred to as seasonal migrants, although they were not related to labor migration. In the context of the flight of peasants, the government took measures aimed at keeping village residents in the villages and socially cleansing cities by introduc…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: seasonal migrant labor
  topic: keywords
subject: migrants
  topic: keywords
subject: economic labor drafts
  topic: keywords
subject: passportization
  topic: keywords
subject: passport
  topic: keywords
subject: restricted-access areas
  topic: keywords
subject: non-restricted areas
  topic: keywords
subject: industrialization
  topic: keywords
subject: urbanization
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Potapova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 N. Potapova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-16
publication date: 2025-06-16
starting page: 64
ending page: 80
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-151-2-64-80

Comparative analysis of the consequences of famine in Kazakhstan in the20-30 years of the 20th century: demographic aspect
type: item
description: This article is devoted to the study of historical and demographic aspects of famine in Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, there were two major famines in Kazakhstan in 1921-1923 and 1931-1933. In both cases, the victims of famine number in the millions. The aim of the work is a historical and comparative analysis of the demographic consequences of two famines with a difference of ten years. The comparative analysis of hunger with the use of archival documents, census materials and statistical data, as well as the application of the method of demographic analysis of the consequences of famines, the scale of damage, and their impact on the lives of the indigenous population of the republic, are defined as research tasks. In particular, the objectives of the study included the systematization of statistical data by measurement, by period, by age, by location, by quantitative and percentage ratios, the use of a comparative method of analyzing numbers and data, drawing up a picture of the demographic situation after the two famines of the 20th century, the analysis of numerical data presented in tables and statistical schemes. A feature of the research methodology is the systematization of statistical data for both cities in various dimensions and modules. The results of the study show that the use of a comparative method to study the demographic consequences of hunger contributes to an even deeper study of this topic. However, there were a number of difficulties in writing this article. These include the fact that the population of several regions and districts is not indicated, as well as general figures in censuses conducted several years after the famine years. There are some difficulties in the data designated as human losses, such as the ratio of their share in internal and external migration, the contradiction of information provided by local authorities with official statistical authorities, the identification of unregistered ca…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: famine
  topic: keywords
subject: demographic crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: comparative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: population censuses
  topic: keywords
subject: statistical materials
  topic: keywords
subject: population dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Ye. Ustagaliyev
creator: D. Aitmagambetov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ye. Ustagaliyev, D. Aitmagambetov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-06-16
publication date: 2025-06-16
starting page: 147
ending page: 172
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-151-2-147-172

New data on the anthropology of the Turkic population of Zhetysu
type: item
description: The article examines the anthropological features of the Zhetysu Turkic population using the example of the Samsy monument located in the Zhambyl district of the Almaty region. According to the results of radiocarbon dating of C14 and analysis of funeral rites and tools, the early Turkic burials of the burial ground date back to the VIII-X centuries. The purpose of this study is to introduce new data on the anthropology of the Zhetysu Turkic population into scientific circulation and fill in the gaps in a little-studied area in the history of the region. The skeletal remains of people buried at the Samsy monument were processed at the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology of the Margulan Institute of Archeology in Almaty. The paper analyzes the morphological features of the skulls, dental system, and postcranial skeleton of individuals from the Samsy burial ground. For this purpose, measurements of skulls and elements of the postcranial skeleton were carried out using craniometric and osteometric programs. According to the results of craniological studies, it turned out that several anthropological types represent the people buried in this burial ground: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and mixed. Traces of unintentional artificial «beshik» deformation are recorded on several skulls. Such changes in the shape of the head are usually associated with prolonged lying of the child on the back in the cradle. Based on the study of the dental system of individuals, it is concluded that the odontological status of the early Zhetysu Turks is characterized as Caucasoid with the presence of East Asian Mongoloid elements. The diversity of the anthropological composition is observed among the Turkic population of Kazakhstan and nearby regions. According to the results of the intra-group analysis of postcrania, it can be noted that male skeletons belong to the «steppe» morphological type, characterized by medium or increased limb bone lengths and balanced proportions. This type was widespread …
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: Zhetysu
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkic period
  topic: keywords
subject: paleoanthropology
  topic: keywords
subject: craniology
  topic: keywords
subject: osteometry
  topic: keywords
subject: odontology
  topic: keywords
subject: skull
  topic: keywords
subject: postcranial skeleton
  topic: keywords
subject: Turks
  topic: keywords
subject: “beshik deformation”
  topic: keywords
creator: R. Zhanuzak
creator: К. Sikhymbaeva
creator: A. Childebayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 R. Zhanuzak, K. Sikhymbaeva, A. Childebayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 27
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-7-27

The Resistance of the sharuas in the Semipalatinsk region during the period of forced modernization of aul (1929-1931)
type: item
description: The article analyzes the causes, driving forces, and consequences of peasant resistance during the forced modernization of the village in 1929-1931. The authors examine the political and socio-economic factors that led to the resistance of peasants, including forced collectivization, dekulakization, and the repressive measures of the Soviet authorities. The article explores the nature and excesses of agrarian policies, including the campaigns for the settlement of nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh households, meat and grain procurement campaigns, and the policy of eliminating wealthy farms. It is noted that the forced modernization of the late 1920s led to the destruction of traditional Kazakh society and provoked open discontent among peasants in the form of armed uprisings. However, the Soviet authorities, ignoring the people's grievances, viewed the protests of workers in rural centers and villages as actions of counter-revolutionary organizations and brutally suppressed them. Using the examples of the Shyngystau, Tolstoukhov, Abraly, and other uprisings in Eastern Kazakhstan, the article examines the forms of armed resistance, key participants, and tactics of opposing state structures, as well as the significance of popular resistance in the context of the socio-economic transformations of that period. Special attention is given to the authorities’ response, the use of punitive measures, and the consequences of suppressing the uprisings. The study concludes that peasant resistance was a reaction to radical transformations that disrupted the traditional way of life of the nomadic and semi-nomadic populations. The research is based on archival sources stored in Kazakhstan’s state archives, including the State Archive of the Abai Region, the State Archive of the East Kazakhstan Region, the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Additionally, the article utilizes published documentary materi…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Soviet policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Semipalatinsk district
  topic: keywords
subject: Abyraly
  topic: keywords
subject: Shyngystau
  topic: keywords
subject: Ust-Kamenogorsk
  topic: keywords
subject: Zyryanovsk
  topic: keywords
subject: repressions
  topic: keywords
subject: peasant uprisings
  topic: keywords
subject: confiscation
  topic: keywords
creator: K. Baisarina
creator: М. Karibayev
creator: М. Turlybayev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 K. Baisarina, M. Karibayev, M. Turlybayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 128
ending page: 151
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-128-151

The Suez Canal: Geopolitical History and Military-Strategic Significance (second half of the XIXth - the first half of the XXth centuries
type: item
description: The processes of globalization that began in the 19th century brought the issue of shortening transportation routes to the forefront. As the continents converged, the idea of shortening sea routes through the creation of artificial canals gained significant attention. The Suez Canal is one of these geostrategic nodes. It is a crossroads of regional, national and international political and economic interests. It can be seen not just as a trade artery, but as a symbol connecting East and West. This article, within the framework of the paradigm of geo-history, analyzes the geopolitical factors and historical processes that determined the military-strategic importance of the Suez Canal in the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on archival documents, the study examines the historical events that served as prerequisites for the formation of the international legal regime of the Suez Canal. The construction of the canal is seen as an example of one of the first transnational projects implemented not by nation-states but by a private corporation founded by Ferdinand de Lesseps. This approach makes it possible to analyze the creation of the Suez Canal from the perspective of modern economic trends, where the primary influence comes not from individual states but from the financial power of transnational corporations. Special attention is given to the strategic significance of the canal and issues of maintaining its neutrality during World War I, the Ottoman Empire’s attempts to seize control of this strategic asset, and the interests of Italy and Germany in the Suez Canal during World War II. The study identifies the key motives and actions of the United Kingdom in the 1940s and 1950s aimed at preserving its positions in the Suez Canal region. The Suez Canal, which served as a vital communication route for the British Empire in the 19th century, continued to fulfill its function during the world wars, facilitating the passage of ships despite numerous threats and aerial bombard…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
subject: Suez Canal
  topic: keywords
subject: geohistory
  topic: keywords
subject: geostrategy
  topic: keywords
subject: interest
  topic: keywords
subject: colonial policy
  topic: keywords
subject: diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Great Britain
  topic: keywords
subject: nationalization
  topic: keywords
creator: К. Baytureyeva
creator: Zh. Turekulova
creator: V. Sultanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 K. Baytureyeva, Zh. Turekulova, V. Sultanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 84
ending page: 108
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-84-108

Periodical press of the Turkestan region as a source for studying the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the ХХ century
type: item
description: The purpose of our article is to present a historical reconstruction of the change in the lifestyle of Kazakhs in the frontier space of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the XX century based on materials from the periodical press of the Turkestan region. The spatial phenomenon of the frontier implies a borderline mobile space that is unstable, and the imperial power is not yet influential enough. The first stage of the research involved studying the history of periodicals. The study took into account: outdated terminology; and the presence of headings with a different semantic load. In the process of work, all publications were grouped into thematic sections that were most relevant for the research: reforms, the resettlement issue, the land crisis; the electoral system; education; and events in Semirechye in 1916. Results: The periodical press is most closely connected with the problems of Kazakh society because it is close to current events. Newspaper articles have an unconventional view of the problem, sometimes different from public opinion, which causes harsh criticism. Newspaper materials can be conditionally divided into publications that are informational or analytical. The newspapers record the most interesting facts and topical events of Kazakh society. The analysis of the periodical press deserves a full review, rather than a selective one because the information of interest was not distributed evenly across the newspapers. Newspaper publications require critical analysis because correspondence has always carried a certain subjective assessment of events by the author. In the frontier space, a process of mutual influence of cultures, economic and trade relations of the Kazakh population, settlers, and representatives of the administration of the Turkestan region takes place. There is a forced adaptation of the Kazakh population to the new conditions that have arisen and the integration of the Kazakh steppe and the Turkestan region into the Russian Empire. The…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: frontier
  topic: keywords
subject: periodical press
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakh society
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: land crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Ksenzhik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 G. Ksenzhik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 109
ending page: 127
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-109-127

Key discourses of Turkish Eurasianism
type: item
description: The goal of this paper is to explore Turkish Eurasianism, ascertaining and analyzing diverse types and concepts of Eurasianism in Türkiye. The objectives of the study are to examine theoretical, conceptual, and ideological origins and foundations of various types of Eurasianism in Türkiye and look into how they influence foreign policy course of Ankara, particularly in diverting the country away from the traditional unidimensional pro-Western Kemalist orientation and drifting it towards Eurasia by cultivating closer rapprochement and forging a strategic alliance with leading powers of the continent. The relevance and novelty of the topic are reflected in the in-depth critical analyses of the pertinent sources as well as in identifying the character and peculiarities of Eurasianist discourses in Türkiye. The results of the study have demonstrated that although Turkish Eurasianists are not a united political force and are not unanimous in foreign policy matters, to a certain degree they tend to exhibit anti-imperialist, anti-Western and counter-hegemonic attitudes. Adhering to anti-Western and more autonomous foreign policy course, Turkish Eurasianists tend to give a top priority for Ankara’s strategic independence from the West and its closer rapprochement with Russia, China, Turkic states and other countries in Greater Eurasia. Despite their ardent support and advocacy for a greater autonomy from the West and reorienting the country to Greater Eurasia, as domestic political movements they are rather marginal, holding limited sway over Türkiye’s internal and external policy. Therefore, to have a voice and a meaningful influence over Türkiye’s foreign policy course, Turkish Eurasianists are periodically forced to ally themselves with powerful political parties such as Erdoğan’s AK Party (AKP). Although Turkish Eurasianists consistently advocate for reorienting Türkiye to Eurasia, Ankara’s foreign policy is mostly determined by pragmatic approaches. From this perspecti…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Türkiye
  topic: keywords
subject: West
  topic: keywords
subject: East
  topic: keywords
subject: Eurasia
  topic: keywords
subject: Eurasianism
  topic: keywords
subject: Kemalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Nationalism
  topic: keywords
subject: neo-Ottomanism
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamism
  topic: keywords
subject: pan-Turkism
  topic: keywords
subject: pan-Turanism
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Zhumatay
creator: A. Yskak
creator: Ya. Sari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 G. Zhumatay, A. Yskak, Ya. Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 46
ending page: 67
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-46-67

The Phenomenon of “Tekke” in the Context of the Spiritual and Cultural Identity of Turkic-Muslim Peoples (Mid 19th – Early 20th Century)
type: item
description: This study explores the significance of Anatolian tekkes as pivotal spiritual and religious institutions that profoundly influenced the Islamic identity of Turkic communities in Central Asia. It draws upon an in-depth analysis of Eastern archival records and manuscript traditions, shedding light on the processes of collecting, safeguarding, and interpreting Islamic manuscripts. A central focus is placed on the role of tekkes in pilgrimage, Islamic scholarship, and the broader cultural-religious development of Turkic societies. Historical accounts underscore the profound connection between manuscript traditions and the operations of tekkes, which functioned as depositories, transcription centers, and distribution points for theological discourse, philosophical essays, and literary works rooted in Islamic thought. Notably, tekkes were not confined to religious functions; they also acted as cultural nexuses, bridging diverse regions and fostering spiritual unity within the Turkic-Muslim sphere. Within this framework, particular attention is given to Uzbek tekkes in Istanbul, which emerged as focal sites of religious convergence for Central Asian pilgrims while also serving as conduits for the dissemination of Islamic knowledge and devotional practices. The theoretical foundation of this research is based on cultural archival studies and historical-cultural analysis, which regard manuscripts as integral elements of collective memory, ensuring the transmission of religious doctrines and spiritual customs. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative-historical approach, textual scrutiny of archival sources, and an examination of the socio-political, ethno-religious, and cultural dimensions of tekkes. Special emphasis is placed on Uzbek dervish tekkes within the Ottoman Empire, their involvement in pilgrimage networks, and their instrumental role in spreading Sufi traditions among Turkic populations. The evaluation of primary sources reveals that Uzbek tekkes in Ista…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Istanbul
  topic: keywords
subject: dervish lodges
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: Turkic-Muslim peoples
  topic: keywords
subject: pilgrimage
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subject: Ottoman Empire
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subject: Tsarist Russia
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creator: М. Egamberdiyev
creator: A. Azmukhanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 M. Egamberdiyev, A. Azmukhanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 45
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-28-45

The work represents Turkic civilization. (Review of Zhavansir Feyziyev. 5-volume work “Turkic World”. ‒ Almaty: Almaty-Print. 2019)
type: item
subject: REVIEW
  topic: section
creator: Kh. Tursun
creator: А. Sundetova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kh. Tursun, A. Sundetova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 165
ending page: 173
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-165-173

The Monetary Reform of 1947 through the Perspective of Chinese Diplomats from Novosibirsk
type: item
description: The paper is devoted to the Soviet monetary reform of 1947 in the context of analyzing its consequences for foreign citizens and diplomatic missions. On December 14, 1947, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution on the implementation of the monetary reform and the abolition of ration cards for food and industrial goods. The reform was aimed at eliminating the disproportion between the excess money supply generated by the emission for military expenses and the supply of goods, largely by confiscating savings from the population by establishing an unfavorable exchange rate. The purpose of the article is to show the impact of the monetary reform of 1947 on foreign diplomatic missions accredited in the USSR using the example of the interaction of the Consulate General of China in Novosibirsk with the Soviet authorities. The article examines a conflict situation between a branch of the State Bank and the Chinese consulate regarding the revaluation of a ruble deposit following the reform. The choice by the Soviet side of the countries for which exceptions were made, in the opinion of the Chinese side, was unjustified; moreover, the USSR and the Republic of China positioned each other as friendly countries. This circumstance was presented by the Chinese side as a political argument allowing them to count on privileged conditions for the conversion of the ruble account. The article publishes the correspondence between the Consulate and the head of the Novosibirsk executive authority and the decree of the USSR government “On the procedure for exchanging money for diplomatic missions in the USSR in connection with the ongoing monetary reform and the abolition of the card system” dated December 14, 1947, which is being introduced into scientific community for the first time. The documents were deposited in the State Archives of Novosibirsk in the fund of the Novosibirsk City Council. It i…
subject: WORLD HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: monetary reform
  topic: keywords
subject: money exchange
  topic: keywords
subject: inance
  topic: keywords
subject: ruble deposits
  topic: keywords
subject: exchange rate
  topic: keywords
subject: Chinese consulate
  topic: keywords
subject: USSR
  topic: keywords
subject: Novosibirsk
  topic: keywords
creator: N. Ablazhey
creator: А. Farmanchuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 N. Ablazhey, A. Farmanchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-03-31
publication date: 2025-03-31
starting page: 68
ending page: 83
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-150-1-68-83

«Secrets of ancient jewelry: regional jewelry heritage» based on the materials of the Foundation of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan
type: item
description: The article presents information about the jewelry of the Kazakh people based on the analysis of the collection of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Jewelry, being an important component of the material culture of the Kazakhs, reflects not only aesthetic ideas but also craft traditions, as well as socio-cultural characteristics of the population. Jewelry, being one of the most stable and conservative elements of a traditional costume, carries not only valuable, but often "dumb" information. This work is devoted to the publication and primary analysis of women's metal jewelry of the 19th-20th centuries. The work is the first stage of a comprehensive study aimed at studying the regional features of jewelry and identifying parallels between archaeological materials from the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age, and the Early Middle Ages with products dating back to Modern Times. The relevance of the research is due to the need to preserve and systematize the accumulated information about the traditional forms of decorative and applied art of the Kazakh people. In the current conditions of globalization and unification of cultures, the detailed significance of regional variations is of particular importance. In the course of the research, special attention was paid to the study of the books of receipts, which are documentary materials documenting the history of the collection's formation. The use of these data made it possible to clarify the origin of a number of products, to identify the geography and features of the acquisition of museum collections. Based on the information collected, the article provides generalized statistical data, presents a classification of jewelry by category: head ornaments, neck and chest ornaments, hand ornaments, etc. For each category of jewelry received from the region we are interested in, one representative example has been selected, described in detail in terms of technology and ornamentation. Special attention is paid to t…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: fund collection
  topic: keywords
subject: jewelry
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhs
  topic: keywords
subject: National Museum
  topic: keywords
subject: silver
  topic: keywords
subject: typology
  topic: keywords
subject: women's costume
  topic: keywords
subject: Zhetysu
  topic: keywords
creator: А. Aitbayeva
creator: K. Saparova
creator: А. Sautbekova
creator: A. Kumarbayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 A. Aitbayeva, K. Saparova, A. Sautbekova, A. Kumarbayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21
starting page: 7
ending page: 26
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-153-4-7-26

Reconstructing the Biography of Noyon Ket-Buga of the Naiman Tribe
type: item
description: This article examines the identity of Noyon Ket-Buga of the Naiman tribe and his affiliation with a specific Chinggisid ulus. The narrative concerning the death of Chinggis Khan’s son Jochi, and the account of how Ket-Buga informed him of this event – preserved in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Nogai folklore – emerged during the Golden Horde period. The most complete and earliest version of this story is the Nogai one. It displays direct parallels with the version found in Mirza Ulugh Beg’s Ulus-i Arba-yi Chingizi, which suggests that the author had access to a Golden Horde historical source. While this written source did not name the individual or his tribal affiliation, the consistent mention of Ket-Buga in all three folkloric versions, and his identification as a Naiman in the version most closely aligned with Ulugh Beg’s account (the Nogai version), supports the conclusion that there once existed a variant of the narrative in the Golden Horde wherein a Naiman named Ket-Buga informed Chinggis Khan of his eldest son's death. Genealogies of the Naiman indeed mention a figure named Ket-Buga, identified as either the son or grandson of the legendary tribal founder, Naiman. Based on generational estimates in various genealogies, this individual likely lived during the Golden Horde period. The only Ket-Buga of the Naiman tribe documented in written sources is the famous general who died in battle against the Mamluks of Sultan Qutuz at Ain Jalut in 1260. A central problem in identifying this military commander with the Ket-Buga of folklore and Naiman genealogies is that, according to Persian historians, this commander served under Hülegü. Given the deep hostility between Hülegü (a son of Tolui) and the Jochids – which led to war in the early 1260s – it is difficult to reconcile Ket-Buga’s association with Jochi, implied in the folklore, with his alleged loyalty to Hülegü. However, analysis of written sources reveals that the tradition of Ket-Buga as Hülegü’s loyal general was sha…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: Ket-Buga
  topic: keywords
subject: Naiman
  topic: keywords
subject: Ain Jalut
  topic: keywords
subject: Jochi
  topic: keywords
subject: Jochids
  topic: keywords
subject: Hülegü
  topic: keywords
subject: Iran
  topic: keywords
subject: folklore
  topic: keywords
subject: ulus
  topic: keywords
subject: Mirza Ulugh Beg
  topic: keywords
creator: A. Porsin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 А. Porsin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 166
ending page: 185
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-152-3-166-185

Protest sentiments and survival strategies of the kazakh population in the 1929-1930s: behavioral motives and forms of resistance
type: item
description: This article examines the forms of social and political reaction of the Kazakh population to the policy of the Soviet government in the 1929-1930s. During this period, mass collectivization, dispossession of kulaks, forced settlement of nomads and strict tax policy were carried out, which led to significant changes in the traditional way of life of the Kazakhs. As aresult of increasing State pressure, many families were forced to leave their native lands and move to neighboring regions or abroad, mainly to China, Mongolia and CentralAsia. These mass migrations became the most vivid expression of passive, yet desperate, resistance. The concept of "otkochevka," traditionally used in Soviet terminology to denote seasonal movements of the nomadic population, was, in the period under study, employed to replace the notions of "flight" or "forced migration." This semantic substitution helped conceal the true scale of violence and the humanitarian catastrophe that accompanied the forced modernization and destruction of the traditional Kazakh way of life. The article analyzes the main reasons for the counterstand of the population, including the economic ruin of the population, mass starvation, and forced confiscation of property and violation of the rights of traditional society. The aim of the article is to research the behavioral motives of refugees are also considered, including the desire to protect the life and socio-cultural identity in conditions of strict state control. The state authorities interpreted the mass exodus of the population not just as a natural phenomenon, but as the result of inciting by the kulaks, the bais and counterrevolutionary elements. This served as the basis for strengthening punitive measures against the migrants. Based on archival data and historiographical analysis, the scale of migrations as a form of passive resistance, their socio-demographic consequences and impact on the further development of Kazakh society are investigated. The auth…
subject: DOMESTIC HISTORY
  topic: section
subject: collectivization
  topic: keywords
subject: repression
  topic: keywords
subject: Semipalatinsk district
  topic: keywords
subject: USPA
  topic: keywords
subject: exaction
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: behavioral motives
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: еscape
  topic: keywords
creator: B. Atantayeva
creator: R. Akhmetova
creator: Т. Shcheglova
creator: А. Botabekova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 В. Atantayeva, R. Akhmetova, Т. Shcheglova, А. Bоtаbеkоvа https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-08-30
publication date: 2025-08-30
starting page: 60
ending page: 78
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-152-3-60-78

Genesis of Kazakh jewelry art: history, development, and cultural influence
type: item
description: The article examines the evolution of Kazakh jewelry art from its early stages to the present day, emphasizing its historical roots, cultural continuity, and symbolic meaning. Jewelry traditions in Kazakhstan developed under the influence of historical processes, cultural exchanges, and religious beliefs. Particularly significant were the Scythian animal style and the Hun-Sarmatian polychrome style, which enriched artistic practices with zoomorphic, plant, and geometric motifs. Later, Islamic culture introduced new artistic directions and transformed the symbolic system of jewelry. The research is based on archaeological and ethnographic sources, as well as museum collections (National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Central State Museum, Sh. Ualikhanov Museum “Altyn Emel,” and the State Reserve Museum “Esik”). Archaeological evidence includes golden artifacts from burial mounds in Esik, Katartobe 1, and Koktuma (Almaty region). Ethnographic materials reveal the technological features of jewelry-making, decorative compositions, and their symbolic functions. In Kazakh culture, jewelry has always been more than adornment. It served as a carrier of social status, spiritual values, and protective functions. Ornamental designs and animal images reflected the worldview of the people, their connection to nature, and their understanding of life and society. Retaining aesthetic expressiveness and philosophical depth, Kazakh jewelry art has preserved continuity across centuries, becoming a vital element of cultural heritage. Precious metals such as gold and silver have been known in Kazakhstan since ancient times. Archaeological finds indicate their use as early as the Bronze Age, when metallurgy reached a high level, enabling the creation of both utilitarian and decorative items. Jewelry and ritual objects from this period reflect the technological skill and artistic imagination of ancient peoples. Earrings, bracelets, rings, and diadems made of gold and silver, discov…
subject: ARCHEOLOGY
  topic: section
subject: evolution forms
  topic: keywords
subject: floral motifs
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic culture
  topic: keywords
subject: jewelry art
  topic: keywords
subject: polychrome style
  topic: keywords
subject: Saka animal style
  topic: keywords
creator: G. Bilyalova
creator: А. Aitbayeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 G. Bilyalova , A. Aitbaeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-25
publication date: 2025-10-25
starting page: 10
ending page: 31
doi: 10.32523/3080-129X-2025-152-3S1-10-31