Kalenova , T. 2025. Foreign Historiography of the Soсial History of Traditional Kazakh Soсiety: Interpreting the Image of the Biy (18th – 20th Сenturies): Research Article. Gumilyov Journal of History . 153, 4 (Nov. 2025), 170–184. DOI:https://doi.org/10.32523/3080-129X-2025-153-4-170-184.